Posts Tagged ‘Survivability’

Are PolSAs the right resource for managing missing persons search?

November 12th, 2009

A while back I wrote a briefing paper, Spaced Out Searchers, that formed the basis for the ALSAR Conference presentation, Advances in Lowland Search Techniques. In it I discussed how ALSAR Units search techniques had changed because they were working with PolSAs who, because of the experience of search tended to want areas “cleared”.

To understand this you need to understand the main role of a PolSA. The role of a PolSA is to provide Chief Constables advice on the management of low-risk counter terrorist and explosive device search. That is, they search for devices in situations where there may potentially be devices, but that it is not suspected – for Royal visits etc.

When dealing with explosives you want to be pretty sure you haven’t missed anything so PolSAs and police offices trained in search are trained in terms of absolutes – either there is something there, or there isn’t. This works well too in the extension of the PolSAs work with evidence searches. Again, SIOs want to be confident that something is either there, or not.

However, as I stated in the paper, this takes time and resource. In order to have that level of confidence a PolSA will use whatever amount of resource for whatever length of time is required to achieve it. Missing person search is different. Time is critical; the misper is dying as time goes by – just take a look at the survivabilty figures for the evidence! And, unlike a planned operation, you only have the resources available to you there and then [which are never enough!]

This is where the mathematics of search theory comes in to play – allowing the optimum use of those resources available to you over time. [I will write a series of posts on this soon.]

However, the concepts of probabilities must be extremely difficult for officers trained in searching in absloutes to get their head around – especially when in one search one thing is called for, then in the next search which might even be during the same operational period or day, another search style needs to be used.

A radical thought came to be yesterday – why do we then train PolSAs to run our missing person searches? Why not train other, non police search trained officers to run missing persons searches?

I’d love to hear your thoughts;

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Length of ALSAR Searches for Vulnerable Missing Persons

October 29th, 2009

Thinking about survivability figures when I did my Missing Person Training Presentation for ISIS SAR this week, and after my brief post questioning whether the police “suspend” vulnerable missing person search too quickly, I thought I would take a brief look at the figures I have available to me and look for any evidence.

In theory every ALSAR Unit should have completed a missing person’s stats form for EVERY search they have taken part in – the reality is that since 2003 we have fewer than 300 records; probably less than a fifth of all ALSAR searches carried out in that time.

However, I thought I would take a look at the ALSAR stats forms from 10th May 2003 till the 1st June 2008 to which I have access.

There were 275 records. The total man-hours involved in these searches was 20,880 – an average (mean) of 76 hours per search.

To put this is context; if you had 12 search volunteers for an operational period of 6 hours you would use 72 man-hours. This, then, could be considered an “average” search. Many searches will last less than this with the misper being found earlier, some longer – as greater time and effort is required to find the misper.

59 of these searches were recorded as “no trace”. The stats then can be split into “found” and “not found” – the figures for which are below;

Found, 216 searches, 12954 man-hours, with a mean search time of 60 man-hours.

Not found, 59 searches, 7926 man-hours, with a mean search times of 134 man-hours.

As you would expect, searches without a trace, seem to take nearly twice as long.

However, the figures aren’t as clear cut as they may at first seem. The “not found” figures are skewed by a couple of very large searches. One very large search is recorded as 1988 man-hours, with another one at 524 man-hours. Three searches put in over 300 man-hours, four in the 200 man-hours range and fourteen in the 100 man-hour range.

Again, putting these into context, if you had 2 shifts of 12 volunteer searchers searching for 6 hours they would put in a total of 144 man-hours.

However, to my mind it is the 36 searches which lasted less than 100 hours that might be a concern, and especially the 22 searches that put in less than 50 man-hours of effort and were suspended with no trace of the misper found. There may be reasons – new intelligence from the police etc. however in these cases no reason is recorded in any of the notes section on any of these searches.

In searches lasting under 50 man-hours with no trace found, there were 15 despondent mispers, 2 with dementia and several more marked as “elderly”. ALSAR does not historically track any of its incidents, but I really hope that none of these mispers is still missing having had less than 50 man-hours of searching done for them! Especially when you consider that in that same period ALSAR had 15 searches lasting over 100 hours where the misper has found alive – 8 of which were over 200 man-hours.

In 7 searches ALSAR Units spent over 300 man-hours searching resulting in the find of the body of a misper – allowing the misper’s family to start the grieving process and stopping some unfortunate dog-walker having to find that.

When do you suspend a search? It is the hardest question…

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ISIS SAR Missing Person Behaviour Training Presentation

October 28th, 2009

ISIS SAR is the new ALSAR Unit covering Oxfordshire; I will write one day about the whole history of Oxfordshire Search & Rescue and ALSAR but suffice to say I’m pleased to now have an ALSAR Unit working in Oxfordshire (I just hope that Thames Valley Police will jump onboard soon too – but that’s another story, probably linked closely with the first!)

ISIS SAR have been asking me for a while to come up to Henley and do a training evening for them and I finally found a free date in the calendar last night. Following my ALSAR Presentation on Visualising Missing Person Behaviour Statistics it seemed sensible to carry on this with a training evening on missing person behaviour.

I started with a Powerpoint presentation, outlining some history, methodology etc. of missing person behaviour stats and how to calculate areas of circles and Probability Density. This was followed by a chance for them all to draw some circles based upon misper stats, work out their areas and probability density and colour in accordingly. We also looked at Track Offset data and Survivability Statistics.

The presentations are below; it must be noted here that all the figures were taken from Robert Koester’s Lost Person Behaviour book and credit must go to Robert and everyone else who contributed to these most important statistics. Let us hope they continue and are joined by many more…

ISIS-SAR Missing Person Behaviour Training Presentation  (PPT)     (PDF)

ISIS-SAR Missing Person Behaviour Training Worksheet   (DOC)     (PDF)

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Do the police suspend vulnerable missing persons searches too quickly?

October 24th, 2009

I awoke this morning with the need to write another quick post here – on the suspension of searching. I obviously discussed it slightly yesterday with the idea that we should search areas where outstanding high risk mispers could be; however, my recent revision of missing person behaviour statistics has obviously made me think more about this.

I want to start, however, with a quote that many find surprising.

As a general principle, searching should take place throughout the day and night. This will be determined by the circumstances but in all cases where a full managed search is undertaken, there must be valid reasons why it is not continued throughout the full 24 hours.
ACPO Guidance on the Managment, Recording and Investigation of Missing Persons, 2005

How many ALSAR Units’ local police expect them to continue searching for a full 24 hour period? How many Units are asked to return for a second day?

It seems to me, that often the police attitude is that they “must” do a search and “clear” a few high probability areas to show that they have done something. There seem to exist a large number of those dangerous rationalisations that we teach our on our basic search courses within the police. [That sounds very harsh - there are a number of very, very good police officers who are dedicated and passionate about finding missing persons in the same way that search volunteers are - And I do recognise this!]

But the reality is the police very often run out of the will (and a great deal of this is about the political will to carry on search operations that are very man-power intensive), the man-power and the budget to actually do more than this initial search. A quick look at the ALSAR stats shows how few searches actually result is a find. Many are well outside the area and still mobile, but there remain still a few potentially still alive, lying just outside our search areas. How do I know?

Take a look at Koester’s Lost Person Behavior - Survivability ;

Dementia – just 5% will die within 24 hours, 35% will die over the next 48 hours or so but 60% will still be alive at this point. Even after 96 hours, 46% will still be alive.

Despondents – 25% will kill themselves within 24 hours, but there will still be 19% alive after 72 hours.

Koester writes a very clear warning about using these statistics;

Survivability statistics must not be the major criteria for deciding to suspend a search… It may be appropriate to use survival statistics as the sole reason to prolong a search.
Lost Person Behavior, 2008

And I think my thinking neatly ties in with this last sentence – should we start using these survival statistics to persuade our local police to continue search operations for longer than our present 4-6 hour searches?

Should we start expecting searches to last 2 or 3 operational periods if nothing is found and planning accordingly?

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